数据剖析
编辑数据剖析
编辑Dissect 将单个文本字段与定义的模式进行匹配。Dissect 模式由您想要丢弃的字符串部分定义。特别注意字符串的每个部分有助于构建成功的 dissect 模式。
如果您不需要正则表达式的强大功能,请使用 dissect 模式而不是 grok。Dissect 使用比 grok 简单得多的语法,并且通常总体速度更快。Dissect 的语法很透明:告诉 dissect 您想要什么,它会将这些结果返回给您。
Dissect 模式
编辑Dissect 模式由变量和分隔符组成。任何由百分号和花括号 %{}
定义的内容都被视为变量,例如 %{clientip}
。您可以将变量分配给字段中数据的任何部分,然后只返回您想要的部分。分隔符是变量之间的任何值,可以是空格、破折号或其他分隔符。
例如,假设您的日志数据具有如下所示的 message
字段
"message" : "247.37.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:22 -0500] \"GET /images/hm_nbg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 304 0"
您可以将变量分配给数据的每个部分以构建成功的 dissect 模式。记住,确切地告诉 dissect 您想要匹配的内容。
数据的第一个部分看起来像一个 IP 地址,因此您可以分配一个变量,例如 %{clientip}
。接下来的两个字符是带空格的破折号。您可以为每个破折号分配一个变量,或分配单个变量来表示破折号和空格。接下来是一组包含时间戳的括号。括号是分隔符,因此您将它们包含在 dissect 模式中。到目前为止,数据和匹配的 dissect 模式如下所示
使用相同的逻辑,您可以为剩余的数据块创建变量。双引号是分隔符,因此将其包含在您的 dissect 模式中。该模式将 GET
替换为 %{verb}
变量,但保留 HTTP
作为模式的一部分。
\"GET /images/hm_nbg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 304 0 "%{verb} %{request} HTTP/%{httpversion}" %{response} %{size}
结合这两个模式,得到的 dissect 模式如下所示
%{clientip} %{ident} %{auth} [%{@timestamp}] \"%{verb} %{request} HTTP/%{httpversion}\" %{status} %{size}
现在您有了 dissect 模式,如何测试和使用它呢?
使用 Painless 测试 dissect 模式
编辑您可以将 dissect 模式合并到 Painless 脚本中以提取数据。要测试您的脚本,可以使用 Painless 执行 API 的字段上下文 或创建一个包含该脚本的运行时字段。运行时字段提供更大的灵活性并接受多个文档,但是如果您没有要测试脚本的集群的写入权限,则 Painless 执行 API 是一个不错的选择。
例如,通过包含您的 Painless 脚本和与您的数据匹配的单个文档来使用 Painless 执行 API 测试您的 dissect 模式。首先将 message
字段索引为 wildcard
数据类型
resp = client.indices.create( index="my-index", mappings={ "properties": { "message": { "type": "wildcard" } } }, ) print(resp)
response = client.indices.create( index: 'my-index', body: { mappings: { properties: { message: { type: 'wildcard' } } } } ) puts response
const response = await client.indices.create({ index: "my-index", mappings: { properties: { message: { type: "wildcard", }, }, }, }); console.log(response);
PUT my-index { "mappings": { "properties": { "message": { "type": "wildcard" } } } }
如果您想检索 HTTP 响应代码,请将您的 dissect 模式添加到提取 response
值的 Painless 脚本中。要从字段中提取值,请使用此函数
`.extract(doc["<field_name>"].value)?.<field_value>`
在此示例中,message
是 <field_name>
,response
是 <field_value>
resp = client.scripts_painless_execute( script={ "source": "\n String response=dissect('%{clientip} %{ident} %{auth} [%{@timestamp}] \"%{verb} %{request} HTTP/%{httpversion}\" %{response} %{size}').extract(doc[\"message\"].value)?.response;\n if (response != null) emit(Integer.parseInt(response)); \n " }, context="long_field", context_setup={ "index": "my-index", "document": { "message": "247.37.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:22 -0500] \"GET /images/hm_nbg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 304 0" } }, ) print(resp)
const response = await client.scriptsPainlessExecute({ script: { source: '\n String response=dissect(\'%{clientip} %{ident} %{auth} [%{@timestamp}] "%{verb} %{request} HTTP/%{httpversion}" %{response} %{size}\').extract(doc["message"].value)?.response;\n if (response != null) emit(Integer.parseInt(response)); \n ', }, context: "long_field", context_setup: { index: "my-index", document: { message: '247.37.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:22 -0500] "GET /images/hm_nbg.jpg HTTP/1.0" 304 0', }, }, }); console.log(response);
POST /_scripts/painless/_execute { "script": { "source": """ String response=dissect('%{clientip} %{ident} %{auth} [%{@timestamp}] "%{verb} %{request} HTTP/%{httpversion}" %{response} %{size}').extract(doc["message"].value)?.response; if (response != null) emit(Integer.parseInt(response)); """ }, "context": "long_field", "context_setup": { "index": "my-index", "document": { "message": """247.37.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:22 -0500] "GET /images/hm_nbg.jpg HTTP/1.0" 304 0""" } } }
结果包含 HTTP 响应代码
{ "result" : [ 304 ] }
在运行时字段中使用 dissect 模式和脚本
编辑如果您有一个功能性 dissect 模式,您可以将其添加到运行时字段以操作数据。因为运行时字段不需要您索引字段,所以您可以非常灵活地修改脚本及其功能。如果您已经测试了您的 dissect 模式 使用 Painless 执行 API,您可以在运行时字段中使用完全相同的 Painless 脚本。
首先,像上一节一样添加 message
字段作为 wildcard
类型,但也添加 @timestamp
作为 date
类型,以防您想针对其他用例 操作该字段
resp = client.indices.create( index="my-index", mappings={ "properties": { "@timestamp": { "format": "strict_date_optional_time||epoch_second", "type": "date" }, "message": { "type": "wildcard" } } }, ) print(resp)
response = client.indices.create( index: 'my-index', body: { mappings: { properties: { "@timestamp": { format: 'strict_date_optional_time||epoch_second', type: 'date' }, message: { type: 'wildcard' } } } } ) puts response
const response = await client.indices.create({ index: "my-index", mappings: { properties: { "@timestamp": { format: "strict_date_optional_time||epoch_second", type: "date", }, message: { type: "wildcard", }, }, }, }); console.log(response);
PUT /my-index/ { "mappings": { "properties": { "@timestamp": { "format": "strict_date_optional_time||epoch_second", "type": "date" }, "message": { "type": "wildcard" } } } }
如果您想使用您的 dissect 模式提取 HTTP 响应代码,您可以创建一个像 http.response
这样的运行时字段
resp = client.indices.put_mapping( index="my-index", runtime={ "http.response": { "type": "long", "script": "\n String response=dissect('%{clientip} %{ident} %{auth} [%{@timestamp}] \"%{verb} %{request} HTTP/%{httpversion}\" %{response} %{size}').extract(doc[\"message\"].value)?.response;\n if (response != null) emit(Integer.parseInt(response));\n " } }, ) print(resp)
const response = await client.indices.putMapping({ index: "my-index", runtime: { "http.response": { type: "long", script: '\n String response=dissect(\'%{clientip} %{ident} %{auth} [%{@timestamp}] "%{verb} %{request} HTTP/%{httpversion}" %{response} %{size}\').extract(doc["message"].value)?.response;\n if (response != null) emit(Integer.parseInt(response));\n ', }, }, }); console.log(response);
PUT my-index/_mappings { "runtime": { "http.response": { "type": "long", "script": """ String response=dissect('%{clientip} %{ident} %{auth} [%{@timestamp}] "%{verb} %{request} HTTP/%{httpversion}" %{response} %{size}').extract(doc["message"].value)?.response; if (response != null) emit(Integer.parseInt(response)); """ } } }
在映射要检索的字段后,将一些日志数据记录索引到 Elasticsearch 中。以下请求使用 批量 API 将原始日志数据索引到 my-index
中
resp = client.bulk( index="my-index", refresh=True, operations=[ { "index": {} }, { "timestamp": "2020-04-30T14:30:17-05:00", "message": "40.135.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:30:17 -0500] \"GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 200 24736" }, { "index": {} }, { "timestamp": "2020-04-30T14:30:53-05:00", "message": "232.0.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:30:53 -0500] \"GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 200 24736" }, { "index": {} }, { "timestamp": "2020-04-30T14:31:12-05:00", "message": "26.1.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:12 -0500] \"GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 200 24736" }, { "index": {} }, { "timestamp": "2020-04-30T14:31:19-05:00", "message": "247.37.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:19 -0500] \"GET /french/splash_inet.html HTTP/1.0\" 200 3781" }, { "index": {} }, { "timestamp": "2020-04-30T14:31:22-05:00", "message": "247.37.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:22 -0500] \"GET /images/hm_nbg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 304 0" }, { "index": {} }, { "timestamp": "2020-04-30T14:31:27-05:00", "message": "252.0.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:27 -0500] \"GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 200 24736" }, { "index": {} }, { "timestamp": "2020-04-30T14:31:28-05:00", "message": "not a valid apache log" } ], ) print(resp)
response = client.bulk( index: 'my-index', refresh: true, body: [ { index: {} }, { timestamp: '2020-04-30T14:30:17-05:00', message: '40.135.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:30:17 -0500] "GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0" 200 24736' }, { index: {} }, { timestamp: '2020-04-30T14:30:53-05:00', message: '232.0.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:30:53 -0500] "GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0" 200 24736' }, { index: {} }, { timestamp: '2020-04-30T14:31:12-05:00', message: '26.1.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:12 -0500] "GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0" 200 24736' }, { index: {} }, { timestamp: '2020-04-30T14:31:19-05:00', message: '247.37.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:19 -0500] "GET /french/splash_inet.html HTTP/1.0" 200 3781' }, { index: {} }, { timestamp: '2020-04-30T14:31:22-05:00', message: '247.37.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:22 -0500] "GET /images/hm_nbg.jpg HTTP/1.0" 304 0' }, { index: {} }, { timestamp: '2020-04-30T14:31:27-05:00', message: '252.0.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:27 -0500] "GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0" 200 24736' }, { index: {} }, { timestamp: '2020-04-30T14:31:28-05:00', message: 'not a valid apache log' } ] ) puts response
const response = await client.bulk({ index: "my-index", refresh: "true", operations: [ { index: {}, }, { timestamp: "2020-04-30T14:30:17-05:00", message: '40.135.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:30:17 -0500] "GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0" 200 24736', }, { index: {}, }, { timestamp: "2020-04-30T14:30:53-05:00", message: '232.0.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:30:53 -0500] "GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0" 200 24736', }, { index: {}, }, { timestamp: "2020-04-30T14:31:12-05:00", message: '26.1.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:12 -0500] "GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0" 200 24736', }, { index: {}, }, { timestamp: "2020-04-30T14:31:19-05:00", message: '247.37.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:19 -0500] "GET /french/splash_inet.html HTTP/1.0" 200 3781', }, { index: {}, }, { timestamp: "2020-04-30T14:31:22-05:00", message: '247.37.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:22 -0500] "GET /images/hm_nbg.jpg HTTP/1.0" 304 0', }, { index: {}, }, { timestamp: "2020-04-30T14:31:27-05:00", message: '252.0.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:27 -0500] "GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0" 200 24736', }, { index: {}, }, { timestamp: "2020-04-30T14:31:28-05:00", message: "not a valid apache log", }, ], }); console.log(response);
POST /my-index/_bulk?refresh=true {"index":{}} {"timestamp":"2020-04-30T14:30:17-05:00","message":"40.135.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:30:17 -0500] \"GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 200 24736"} {"index":{}} {"timestamp":"2020-04-30T14:30:53-05:00","message":"232.0.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:30:53 -0500] \"GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 200 24736"} {"index":{}} {"timestamp":"2020-04-30T14:31:12-05:00","message":"26.1.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:12 -0500] \"GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 200 24736"} {"index":{}} {"timestamp":"2020-04-30T14:31:19-05:00","message":"247.37.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:19 -0500] \"GET /french/splash_inet.html HTTP/1.0\" 200 3781"} {"index":{}} {"timestamp":"2020-04-30T14:31:22-05:00","message":"247.37.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:22 -0500] \"GET /images/hm_nbg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 304 0"} {"index":{}} {"timestamp":"2020-04-30T14:31:27-05:00","message":"252.0.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:27 -0500] \"GET /images/hm_bg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 200 24736"} {"index":{}} {"timestamp":"2020-04-30T14:31:28-05:00","message":"not a valid apache log"}
您可以定义一个简单的查询来搜索特定的 HTTP 响应并返回所有相关字段。使用搜索 API 的 fields
参数来检索 http.response
运行时字段。
resp = client.search( index="my-index", query={ "match": { "http.response": "304" } }, fields=[ "http.response" ], ) print(resp)
response = client.search( index: 'my-index', body: { query: { match: { 'http.response' => '304' } }, fields: [ 'http.response' ] } ) puts response
const response = await client.search({ index: "my-index", query: { match: { "http.response": "304", }, }, fields: ["http.response"], }); console.log(response);
GET my-index/_search { "query": { "match": { "http.response": "304" } }, "fields" : ["http.response"] }
或者,您可以在搜索请求的上下文中定义相同的运行时字段。运行时定义和脚本与之前在索引映射中定义的完全相同。只需将该定义复制到搜索请求下的 runtime_mappings
部分,并包含一个与运行时字段匹配的查询。此查询返回与之前为索引映射中的 http.response
运行时字段定义的搜索查询相同的结果,但仅限于此特定搜索的上下文
resp = client.search( index="my-index", runtime_mappings={ "http.response": { "type": "long", "script": "\n String response=dissect('%{clientip} %{ident} %{auth} [%{@timestamp}] \"%{verb} %{request} HTTP/%{httpversion}\" %{response} %{size}').extract(doc[\"message\"].value)?.response;\n if (response != null) emit(Integer.parseInt(response));\n " } }, query={ "match": { "http.response": "304" } }, fields=[ "http.response" ], ) print(resp)
const response = await client.search({ index: "my-index", runtime_mappings: { "http.response": { type: "long", script: '\n String response=dissect(\'%{clientip} %{ident} %{auth} [%{@timestamp}] "%{verb} %{request} HTTP/%{httpversion}" %{response} %{size}\').extract(doc["message"].value)?.response;\n if (response != null) emit(Integer.parseInt(response));\n ', }, }, query: { match: { "http.response": "304", }, }, fields: ["http.response"], }); console.log(response);
GET my-index/_search { "runtime_mappings": { "http.response": { "type": "long", "script": """ String response=dissect('%{clientip} %{ident} %{auth} [%{@timestamp}] "%{verb} %{request} HTTP/%{httpversion}" %{response} %{size}').extract(doc["message"].value)?.response; if (response != null) emit(Integer.parseInt(response)); """ } }, "query": { "match": { "http.response": "304" } }, "fields" : ["http.response"] }
{ "hits" : { "total" : { "value" : 1, "relation" : "eq" }, "max_score" : 1.0, "hits" : [ { "_index" : "my-index", "_id" : "D47UqXkBByC8cgZrkbOm", "_score" : 1.0, "_source" : { "timestamp" : "2020-04-30T14:31:22-05:00", "message" : "247.37.0.0 - - [30/Apr/2020:14:31:22 -0500] \"GET /images/hm_nbg.jpg HTTP/1.0\" 304 0" }, "fields" : { "http.response" : [ 304 ] } } ] } }